THE IMF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE IMF - Essay Example Aside from all of these, the IMF has specific functions and initiatives created to help ensure financial stability in the world. The IMF, with its provision of world liquidity, allows countries to deposit reserves in a form of money, gold, or any convertible foreign currencies that can be used in times of needs or deficit, at least in a short span of time, while finding the resolution of financial problems may be ongoing (Gilpin, 2011, p.246). This initiative could be found under the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), by which countries should make sure of official reserves as an exchange of IMF’s supplementary actions for its members (International Monetary Fund, 2012). SDRs are â€Å"potential claims on the freely usable currencies of IMF members, so they are â€Å"neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF† (International Monetary Fund, 2012). In other words, the IMF could provide the best option in providing a country some financial alternatives while it may be still looking for eventual solutions to obtain the desired liquidity. Countries placing reserves at IMF are therefore able to obtain fi nancial assistance especially in times they are in need of restoring financial liquidity. Liberalisation of international free trade is important for economic benefits. After all, international trade by itself affects the world economy. The IMF has a great role to play in the liberalisation of the economy. While regulations and policies are crucial to the success of the liberalisation of international free trade, the IMF considers some important steps in order to guarantee globalisation will work for all. One important actions it comes to consider is a â€Å"successful trade round† (International Monetary Fund, 2001). According to its report, the IMF disclosed information revealing impoverished countries engaged with its policies and facilities to have come to

Economy in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economy in Russia - Essay Example Russia has to deal with persistent economic problems, which include: The consensus and eventual policy position taken in Russia was that in order for the Russian economy to develop and benefit from the increasing integration of the global market and trade, policy reforms must be instituted. These reforms should directly address the challenges cited above. The past few years saw policy pronouncements that include price reform, the privatization of enterprise, macroeconomic stabilisation and fiscal decentralisation. Beginning in 1992, the government began instituting economic reform in these areas and based on the trajectory of growth of the Russian economy up to the present, it is clear that some of the governmental policies have worked. Terterov (2004), for example, cited how investments to the country has overtaken capital flight, which has been the pattern in the past. As a result the economy has received a substantial boost, particularly in manufacturing and industrial sector, helping to create jobs and revenue for the state (Terterov 2004). Empirical research has also shown the positive link between governmental reform and wage increase and unemployment (Gerber 2006). Wolf and Lang (2006) in a study for the RAND Corporation reported that the recent impressive economic performance can be attributed to decentralized decision-making and the change in resource allocation from the previous state and bureaucratic allocation to the resource allocation through the market. During Vladimir Putin’s administration, Russia was finally recognized as a market economy. The United States and the European Union declared this in June 2012. This is important for Russia because being classified as one means better opportunities for trade with other countries. For example, as a result of the recognition, the United States has removed several restrictions and guidelines that govern the US trading relationships with nonmarket economies

Management Essay Example for Free

Management Essay Your safety is important, updates have successfully prepared the enclosed form to report identity theft to creditors. Would you mind going to our website to fill out the customer information so that your order can be processed with our new database software? We are now offering RapidAssist, a software program that provides immediate technical support through our website to your employees and customers. To provide better service, a new software named RapidAssist is now offered to provide you with immediate technical support from our website to employees and customers e. To provide you with easy access to the new parking lot, a new restriction policy has been activated for â€Å"A† vehicle permits. The credit union now prohibits the cashing of double –endorsed checks presented by our customers to make sure you don’t suffer monetary losses. Our warranty goes into effect when we have receive the product’s registration card from the purchaser to supply you guaranteed protections. To help better your systems, we will be shutting down both systems Thursday afternoon to install upgrades. Regarding your request, the items listed above (printer toner and supplies) are being sent to your Oakdale office, referring to your telephone conversation on April 1. Kindly inform the subscriber whether or not your spokesman will be making an appearance in the near future. c. It is outstanding that we still managed the contract after the customer increased his demands, however our manager responded with better transitions. By the way, we had some errors in the schedule but don’t have to erase everything and start from the beginning. To ease the confirmation of this agreement, your negotiators push that the membership respond in the favorable. Our head manager was upset because I was sick in the time of the team meeting.

The Language Proficiency Assessment For Teachers

The Language Proficiency Assessment For Teachers Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority announced the result of Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (LPAT) in recently, the overall result in English Language has continuous decreased. LPAT consist of five papers in reading, writing, listening, speaking and classroom assessment. Except for the listening paper result is increase 2% passing rate in last year, all others paper has decreased. The Language Proficiency Assessment published by the government of Hong Kong SAR since 2000, after 10 years implementation, the teachers English language standard still cannot achieve public expectation, nearly half of the candidates are failed in assessment in every year. Some teachers said it make them feel humiliated dignity, because they still repeat the trial in many times. Research Question The candidate failure in Hong Kong Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (LPAT) in continuous few years, why are they failure in this test? Many candidates feels stress under the test, is it a real reason as behind of the failure? Purpose of the study The audience of this study is including decision-makers and candidates. The purpose of this study is discussing the reasons of the candidates failure in LPAT. Some teachers said that the questions are too difficult for them and they dont have this kind of study when they were a student, they feel stress between the test and their job. I will discuss the difficult and find out the problem when candidates are facing to LPAT. Histories of the LPAT Along with education reform, teachers are encouraged to strive for higher levels of language proficiency, and to enhance their professionalism in subject knowledge and pedagogy through training. According by the Education Bureau published in September of 2000, all new recruits teachers (include teaching in Primary and Secondary school teacher) in English level are required to pass the benchmark test (known as LPAT now), as is currently teaching in English teachers, they must be fulfill the standard before 2006 year, the teacher can be through the training or examination to achieve. Otherwise, they are not allowed to teaching the related language subject. The objective of government is to ensure that all language teachers possess at least basic language proficiency, so that they can promote effective teaching and enhance the quality of education, provide professional teaching. Teachers were taken in the streets to protest the policy announced in 2001 when government introduced the LPAT to testify the English teachers are really qualify to do that job. Some teachers association to be against the assessment as at today, they believed LPAT will increase the pressure on teachers. Bibliography review in study Many of teachers said that they feel stress in the LPAT test, some of these even quit their job as an English teacher, LPAT is the main reason for them to leave their industry, especially for someone has taken the LPAT test in a few times, they are no confidence in a teaching field. The below theories may help to explain their performance in the test and why they failure. Firstly, the cognitive theoretical approach (Lazarus 1999) suggested that the best way to view the stress process is as a transaction between the person and environment which means the stress may be come from the event itself, the persons age, culture and experience. The teachers stress is come form the test, the teacher entry in their field before the LPAT is implement, the education reform make a change in the educate cultural, they may afraid the change in their age because they will lost their job when failed in LPAT. Methodology using in study In LPAT is including in five papers, these are reading, writing, listening, speaking and classroom assessment. I will focus on writing part in this study because most of candidates are failed in this paper in the past ten years. In writing part, it also divided into 2 section, first part is detection and correction of errors/problems, but we will focus on the second part is explanation of errors/problem, because most of the candidates feels confuse in this part. They cant make accuracy answer in this section. I am going to find out the problem of the candidate when they are facing in writing paper. I will adopt 2 methods to collect the data and try to analysis the various possible reasons. Method 1: Interview Interview is one of the methods to reflect the actual situation in LPAT, interview to different role can be reflecting their opinions on LPAT test. a) The man of the street Respondents: Including student, business man, foreigner and who can speak English. Our interview should be including different segmentation of the people to make the result is more precise and objective. Different role can be reflecting different opinions of the LPAT, we need to consider on the role when doing an interview. Location: In Central, Sheung Wan or Wanchai. We need to choose an appropriate place to conduct the interview make it precise. These three places are including different kind of person, different segmentation of the person can be finding in these places. We are looking for someone who has basic language knowledge to conduct an interview, the English language level of these places is higher than other district, so that it is an appropriate place for interview. Process: We can choose two or three questions from the past paper, those are most common mistake in the previous LPAT test. Select a different degree of depth in the question. Starting with the easily question to interview an interviewee, according to interviewees respond to continuous the other questions. We request the interviewee point out the error from the question and ask them to correct it in the right answer. Compare the answer by the interviewee how to different with the candidate. b) Candidates Respondents: Who is planning to have an assessment in future and failed in assessment in pervious LPAT test. They are the most important interviewee because they lead the most important role in the assessment, when they are preparing for the assessment, they will clearly to know the difficult in between. Someone who failed in assessment, they may help to analysis the reasons of failed in the test. Location: Any place let the interviewee feels comfortable Process: It can be conducting in one by one interview or telephone interview. Using telephone interview because some of the candidate is existing teacher in the school, they are not willing to disclose the identity, they may afraid to affect the image of them or their school. So, these kinds of interview make them feels security and more objective. In one by one interview, it may give a mock paper for the interviewee who is planning to have assessment, all question will be find in past paper. After that, we can check the answer together, to discuss the real answer and ask the interviewee feels after they finished the mock paper. This mock paper helps us to analysis the real problem in LPAT test. Professional in language scope Respondents: They can be a school principal, English lecturer in University, representative of Education Bureau or who is involve in LPAT. Location: Any place let an interviewee feels convenience, may be in their office. Process: This group of interviewee can be share their experience in the test, help us to cognitive the question in the LPAT, they will know more about the meaning of the LPAT, help to find out the deep reason that are failed in the test. Method 2: Research in the past paper Some of the teachers said that the question of the writing part is too difficult for them, so they dont have a sense in the past in some question. We are trying to find out some questions in previous past paper, to compare the degree of the question in LPAT paper, go through the questions are belonging to which level student. We will obtain 5 previous LPAT in writing paper of explanation of errors/problem section, find out the pattern of the question in these 5 years, analysis which grammatical features is often occur in paper, find the possibility of the most common question in the paper. After research, we will know that the weakness of the candidate and analysis. Such as the most common question focus on tenses, infinitive and defining clause in the previous paper. According to these analyses, it can give us a reference to recognize the question is easier one or difficult one, to verify the teachers view is correct or not. Conclusion Measuring stress in humans: a practical guide for the field / edited by Gillian H. Ice and Gary D. James

Essays --

Molar mass is a fundamental and must-know term in chemistry. Anyone who studies chemistry begins the journey with this term. The molar mass of a substance is defined as â€Å"the mass of one mole of any substance where the carbon-12 isotope is assigned a value of exactly 12gmol-1. Its symbol is M. Molar mass is important because of its usefulness in various calculations. To chemistry students, it is a tool to solve many problems and exercises, as molar mass can be used to calculate the mass or the amount of a sample of a certain substance. Obviously, the most popular way to determine a substance’s molar mass is by using its chemical formula. Another way is to use a sample of that substance and calculate from the mass and the amount of substance. However, not many people would think of using titration and back titration to calculate the molar mass of a substance. Titration is the addition of a known-concentration solution, or the titrant, to a known-volume of a solution of unknown concentration, or the analyte, until the reaction reaches the equivalence point, which would be indicated vis...

Personal Narrative- Playground Memory :: Personal Narrative

Personal Narrative- Playground Memory Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled â€Å"warm and fuzzy feelings.† As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grande Canyon and have jumped on the beds at Caesar’s Palace in Lake Tahoe. However, I have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them â€Å"dirt devils†, to swarm around me. I stood there, watching the leaves kick up and then settle. My friends called me over to the wooden playground surrounded by a sea of mulch chips. The bridge squeaked furiously under our weight. An unannounced game of tag started and we found ourselves weaving in and out of the wooden fortress and the trees that surrounded it. My shoe became untied and I took a time out to tie it with a method that no one uses here. We heard an adult voice; it was time to go in. We lined up single file, supposedly in alphabetical order but no one ever does. I liked that, I never liked being in the back. While waiting for everyone to line up, I looked up at the trees that line the walkway. Despite the time of year, I noticed sparse flowers growing on the trees.

Human Euthanasia: Yes or No? Essay

Have you ever wanted to end it all? Many people who have chronic illnesses, such as cancer, would rather die than endure one more day of suffering. They want to die by assisted suicide, or euthanasia. Euthanasia should not be legal for many reasons. There have been drastic advances in medicine. Also, the decision making process can easily be compromised. There is major risk of abuse. Furthermore there are many religious issues. Lastly, if done incorrectly, euthanasia can fail, causing the person to suffer more. For example, drastic improvements have been made in the medicinal field. Doctors now have the power to save more lives than ever. â€Å"Using new medications, they can reduce the suffering of, or even cure a chronically ill human being† (Andre, Velasquez). Why should a person end his or her life if they can be cured of their disease? People who can be treated with medication should not be given the means to end their lives early. Hematologists and oncologists are exposed to terminally ill patients daily. A 1994 survey of physicians in Washington showed that these doctors opposed euthanasia most strongly. Psychiatrists were also surveyed. They had much less contact with the terminally ill, yet they strongly supported euthanasia (Boyko). This shows that those who are around these ill patients daily do not think euthanasia is a practical practice. Next, the decision making process can easily be compromised. If a patient is terminally ill, there is no way to know if they are thinking as they would if they were not sick. The patient may not know the exact situation he or she is in. â€Å"The patient needs to be capable of understanding the decision and its implications. The presence of depression is relevant if it is distorting rational decision making (Blank, Bonnickson 192). Also, a doctor could be pushing a patient to a choice, simply because the doctor no longer wants to care for that person. There are many variables for a person to consider, so legalizing euthanasia could cause many issues. Furthermore, there is major risk of abuse. If euthanasia is legalized, people would be able to abuse it easily. â€Å"Vulnerable patients could feel obligation to accept it [euthanasia] in order to reduce the burden on their families and caretakers† (Battin, Lipman 29). The abuse is not necessarily done by the patients. Families could easily pressure a person into choosing to be euthanized. Not wanting to cause more issues, the patient could simply agree to the decision others seem to have made (Andre, Velasquez). People who do not want to be responsible for someone else are likely to try and force that person into ending the responsibility. The decision to be euthanized needs to be 100% the patient’s idea, and there is no way to prove that would be the case. Additionally, there are many religious issues associated with euthanasia. â€Å"Arguments to prohibit assisted suicide on the grounds that only God gives life, so only God can take it away are equally relevant to euthanasia† (Tittle). The Roman Catholic Church believes that any form of suicide implies that the person is in charge of their body, when God is supposed to be (Declaration of Euthanasia). Article Five of the Fifth Commandment states: Suicide contradicts the natural inclination of the human being to preserve and perpetuate his life. It is gravely contrary to the just love of self. It likewise offends love of the neighbor because it unjustly breaks the ties of solidarity with family, nation, and other human societies to which we continue to have obligations. Suicide is contrary to love for the living God. Christianity is just one of the many religions that opposes suicide, assisted or unassisted. Finally, if done incorrectly, euthanasia can be ineffective, causing a patient more suffering. If someone is injected with too little morphine, the most popular form of euthanasia, major brain damage can occur (Battin). If this were to happen, the families of these patients, not to mention the patients themselves, would have to endure more suffering than they had to before the attempted euthanasia. If euthanasia were legalized the failure rate would cause unnecessary pain for all people involved. As for other methods of assisted suicide, such as a doctor prescribing medications with high dosages of depressants, the patient is not monitored throughout the process. This means there is no guarantee the patient will be successful. If a patient decides that after he or she has already started the euthanasia process he no longer wants to die, major side effects would occur, such as brain damage, and even forms of cancer in some situations (Battin, Lipman). There is no way to assure failure will not happen. In conclusion, euthanasia should not be legalized for many reasons. There have been drastic advances in medicine, allowing doctors to cure those with chronic illnesses. Also, the decision making process of a patient facing euthanasia can be easily compromised. Additionally, there is major risk of abuse by families. There are many religious issues, too. Lastly, if done wrong, euthanasia can be ineffective, causing serious harm. Euthanasia in human beings should not be legalized. Works Cited 1.Andre, Clare and Manuel Velasquez, Assisted Suicide: A Right or Wrong? scu.edu. Santa Clara University, 2010. Web. Dec. 7, 2012 2.Battin, Margaret P., Arthur G. Lipman, Drug Use in Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. London, New York, Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1996. Web. 3.Blank, Robert H., Bonnickson, Andrea L., Medicine Unbound: The Human Body and the Limits of Medical Intervention. n.p, n.d. Web. 4.Boyko, Edward J., Attitudes Toward Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Among Physicians in Washing State. nejm.org. New England Journal of Medicine, July 14, 1994. Web. Dec. 6, 2012 5.Declaration on Euthanasia. May 5, 1980. newadvent.org. New Advent Church.